Altifigence Academy

5 / 32 · Concept

Solve a node connected to several sources

Turn a circuit drawing into one node equation and audit branch currents.

Count connections, not drawing positions

All points joined by an ideal wire are one node, even if the drawing bends or uses a repeated net label. Choose ground and mark unknown node voltages. For each resistor from node x to node y, current leaving x is (Vx−Vy)/R(V_x-V_y)/R. This expression supplies both magnitude and direction without guessing the eventual current flow.

Consider one unknown node x connected to 5 V through 10 kΩ, to ground through 20 kΩ, and to an ideal 2 V reference through 10 kΩ. KCL, using outward currents, is (x−5)/10000+x/20000+(x−2)/10000=0(x-5)/10000+x/20000+(x-2)/10000=0. Multiplying by 20000 gives 2x−10+x+2x−4=02x-10+x+2x-4=0, hence x = 2.8 V.

Interpret the negative branch

Current toward the 5 V node is −0.22 mA, so 0.22 mA actually enters x from that source. Current to ground is 0.14 mA. Current toward the 2 V reference is 0.08 mA. The two outward currents total 0.22 mA. The 2 V reference must absorb current in this example; a real reference that cannot sink current would not hold the assumed voltage.

BranchOutward current from x
x to 5 V through 10 kΩ−0.22 mA
x to ground through 20 kΩ0.14 mA
x to 2 V through 10 kΩ0.08 mA

The result lies between the fixed potentials because all conductances are positive. You can also see x as a conductance-weighted average: sum of each fixed voltage divided by its resistance, divided by total conductance.

Extend carefully

For two unknown nodes, write two KCL equations and solve them together. Do not use a series-resistor simplification across a node that has a third connection. Before a simulator run, create a connection list with component name, first node, second node, and value. A misplaced wire changes the equations even when the drawing looks familiar. Check residual currents against zero after solving; rounding is allowed, a missing branch is not.

Try it yourself

Remove the 2 V branch from the example. What is x?

Read the explanation

(x − 5)/10 kΩ + x/20 kΩ = 0, so 3x = 10 and x = 3.333333 V. This is the unloaded 10 kΩ/20 kΩ divider.

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